Long-Term SEO Strategies to Increase Sales on Amazon

Amazon provides an income stream for a variety of individuals and organizations, which is why Amazon product copywriters are in such high demand. However, as competition intensifies, sellers need to bring their best game to maximize Amazon rankings and sales. Creating compelling Amazon product descriptions is key, but success goes beyond good product description writing. Even on the world’s largest e-commerce website, sales can hit a glass ceiling. With around 120 million products available for purchase on Amazon, how do you ensure potential customers find your listing? The solution – whether you’re a company, sole trader, or a reseller – is to focus on Amazon SEO. In this post, we’ll look at why Amazon SEO matters, what you should do to increase your Amazon rankings, and how to use these strategies to increase sales. Why Does SEO Affect Amazon Sales? When thinking of SEO, we often think about ranking on Google. However, consumers are just as likely to be searching for your business and products on the Amazon platform. Like Google, Amazon uses its own algorithm – called A9 – to rank products according to various factors. So marketers can optimize their product listings to rank higher on Amazon, just as they would optimize their content for Google. And just like on Google, users are more likely to click on the first few search results. This is why your Amazon search rankings are so important. Unlike many Google users, searchers on Amazon are ready to buy. Understanding Amazon’s algorithm is, therefore, key to improving your visibility and increasing sales. Boosting the ranking of each product listing comes down to two things: How relevant your listing is to a search query. Product sales performance and the competitiveness of your product listing. If you can get these two things right, you’ll end up ranking higher and selling more, which further boosts your rankings. Five Tips to Improve Your Amazon Rankings So what exactly should you do to increase your Amazon rankings? Here are our five top tips for taking your Amazon game to the next level 1. Build a Writing Team No matter how good your product is, if your copy is weak you’re unlikely to show up on the first page of Amazon results. The words you use in the product title, description, and in backend search terms are critical to the sales performance of each listing. Let’s say you’re an affiliate selling regularly on AliExpress. You’ll need a continuous supply of product descriptions that are not only unique but also persuasive and SEO friendly. You could do this in-house, but it may not be the most efficient option. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the average cost of hiring an in-house writer is over $7,000 per month. One of the most effective ways to ensure you can create a steady stream of product descriptions is to have a team of copywriters on hand. Constant Content has spent years building its database of freelance writers, including Amazon product copywriters. You can hire according to your content requirements, so it’s a scalable, affordable solution. We can also help you assemble a writing team and manage your workflow. 2. Research Keywords To boost your Amazon rankings for specific terms and capture more potential buyers, you need to do competitive research and keyword research. With the right keywords, shoppers will find your products more quickly and see you before the competition. Amazon relies on various factors to determine when your listing appears. Like Google SEO, you have to optimize content with search terms that your target audience are using. What exactly are searchers looking for? Your brand name, a specific product, or product features? These are the words you need to include at the beginning of your product title, in the product details section, and in your list of backend search terms. We’ll look at how to find the best keywords later on in this post. 3. Optimize Product Images Many marketers overlook the persuasive power of images. Good-looking, high-quality images are key to boosting Amazon rankings because they have a significant impact on conversion rates. Studies have shown that images can be even more influential than reviews, so you need to get them right. In short, if a customer sees a poor product image, they’re likely to conclude that the product or company is also poor quality. Images should be at least 1000 pixels in either width or height. The product should fill 85 percent of the frame. Product photos should have a pure white background. File formats must be JPEG, PNG, GIF, or TIFF. Don’t include text, borders, or logos. Check Amazon guidelines for the most up-to-date information and requirements for additional product images. 4. Maximize Positive Reviews The quantity and quality of your reviews is one of the most important ranking factors in the A9 algorithm. In particular, positive reviews are extremely beneficial. Look at any top listing on a search results page and you’ll see that it has a high number of reviews and also good ratings. Best-sellers in each category also get top billing. Encouraging customers to leave positive reviews will lead to more click-throughs from other shoppers and higher rankings. The way you respond to reviews also matters. Obviously, receiving more positive reviews depends on the quality of your products and your customer service, but there are ways to maximize customer engagement and get better feedback. We’ll go into some simple strategies later on. 5. Ensure Your Amazon Listings Rank Higher on Google Getting good rankings on Amazon is crucial, but it shouldn’t be your only objective. Many Amazon sellers aren’t even thinking about their rankings on Google, which is a missed opportunity that you can use to your advantage. Increasing your Google rankings for your product listings should attract even more traffic to your product pages. By optimizing your listings for Amazon and Google, you’ll greatly increase your chances of being seen by potential customers. Google is, after all, the largest search engine in the world. Strategies to Increase Sales and Conversions on Amazon So how can you use these tips in practice? Let’s look at each one in more detail. Building a Writing Team We’ve already explained the two options you face: either use in-house writers to create a consistent flow of Amazon product descriptions or outsource this type of content to a writing agency. Obviously, you need to weigh up the pros and cons of each. For example, does your team have the time to create a regular stream of product descriptions, or should they focus on other content marketing strategies? In the long run, it’s actually cheaper to hire writers on a project-by-project basis. By using a content platform such as Constant Content, you’ll have no recruiting or administration costs, you won’t need to train staff in the art of writing product descriptions, and you can scale up or down depending on your requirements. To get started, simply head over to our content request page and send out a request for Amazon product descriptions, describing your company, products, and any other information you want to convey. You can send out a public request, put out a casting call for product descriptions, or contact specific writers directly with a private request. Finding the Right Keywords to Increase Amazon Rankings If you want to succeed on the Amazon platform, you need to use the right keywords in your title, product description, and the backend keywords section. You can start your search for relevant terms using Google’s Keyword Planner. While 47 percent of online shoppers begin product searches on Amazon, around 35 percent still start their search on Google. So it would be a mistake for any e-commerce business to only focus on optimizing keywords for the Amazon platform. Google’s Keyword Planner will help you identify critical keywords that searchers are also likely to use on Amazon. In the tools section, you’ll find the keyword planner. Simply input your search terms and you’ll receive stats on how frequently the search terms are used on a monthly basis and how competitive they are. The next place to research keywords for free is on Amazon itself. Type your keywords into the Amazon search bar and keyword suggestions will pop up. How to Optimize Your Amazon Product Images There are various tricks you can use to ensure your images improve conversions. On Amazon, you can upload up to nine product images. If possible, use them all. Here are some ways to make your images more attractive and engaging to drive sales: Show your product from different perspectives so consumers can see the whole product. Show how the product is used in real life so that consumers can imagine themselves using it. Focus on the key features of the product. Show the product in its natural surroundings. For example, a couch looks more attractive in a cozy living room environment. Show the product with actual people to bring it to life. Provide important information. For example, if the product is a multi-pack of four, insert a small icon that says â€Å"4-Pack.† For smaller items, show its dimensions or relative size. For example, show it next to a pencil. This can also highlight how compact or well-designed it is. How to Get More Positive Reviews Amazon knows that searchers are more likely to click on listings with good reviews, so it gives products with higher average reviews more prominence in search results. Therefore, to maximize sales, you need more positive reviews. Don’t buy reviews; this could lead to having your account suspended. Instead, develop a process that encourages positive feedback: Be honest about what you’re selling. Giving precise information about each product will minimize false expectations. Email your customers and ask them how their experience was with your product. If they’re happy, politely ask for a review. Reach out to your social media followers. Most followers will already be fans, so why not ask them for reviews? Listen to feedback. If you receive a negative review, can the problem be fixed? Consider offering the customer a refund or replacement. Customers can remove reviews for up to 60 days after posting, so you have time to remedy the situation. How to Improve Google Rankings for Your Amazon Listings One way to get Google to notice your product page is to include a link on your website. Use Google Analytics to identify high-performing pages on your site. Which pages receive the most traffic and have low bounce rates? If these pages are relevant to your product, insert a link to your Amazon product listing. This will increase the chances of your product listing appearing in Google results, especially if the website has a high domain authority. Finally, try to incorporate more long-tail keywords in your product copy. Amazon’s search engine may not pick up on them, but there’s a good chance that Google will. With voice search and natural language queries becoming more popular, it will increase your chances of ranking for niche keyword phrases related to your product. Google also ranks for buying intent, meaning that search results adapt to search queries that are transactional in nature. For example, when searchers use words such as â€Å"buy,† â€Å"product,† or â€Å"order,† e-commerce product pages are more likely to rank higher. So try to include keywords in your copy that indicate buying intent. In Summary There are so many topics to cover when it comes to selling on Amazon that we can’t cover it all in one post. However, by now you should have a basic understanding of how Amazon SEO works. The main takeaway is that if you want to increase sales on Amazon, every listing needs to be optimized for conversions with rich, informative copy, attractive images, and relevant terms that are used by your target audience. And when your sales increase, so will your rankings. Remember, these strategies work best when they’re working together, so use them simultaneously and you should be well on your way to extra traffic, higher conversion rates, and more Amazon sales.

Nuclear Arms in Russia essays

Nuclear Arms in Russia essays Nuclear non-proliferation, arms limitation, arms control, deterrence, international security, de-militarization ...civilian and government agencies alike have wrestled with how to define and resolve issues of possession and use of nuclear weapons. The issues involve power struggles over which nation can wield the biggest gun: who can have nuclear weapons; how many; how powerful; who decides; and how decisions can be enforced. The last few years have been a time of unprecedented success in arms control. Over this period, we have seen the cornerstone of our efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons - the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) being an example of this. A significant step towards reducing the armament of the Cold War was taken when START II was ratified by the US Senate. The signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) ended the era of nuclear explosive testing, a goal that had been sought for more than forty years and, most recently, President Clinton and President Yeltsin agreed on a framework for START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) III after START II enters into force. Despite this string of successes, the world remains a dangerous place. The spread of technology has made it possible for dozens of States, many of whom view the United States as an enemy, to seek nuclear, biological or chemical weapons capability. We the Russian Federation need assistance in arms reduction and we are confident of its future as have the backing of Mr. Blair, who has committed  £12 million over the next three years to assist us with the destruction of our chemical weapons stockpile. Mr. Blair also met with President Putin at the G8 summit in Okinawa, Japan, where they discussed a method of disposing of our stockpile of plutonium and 40, 000 chemical weapons. As well as success with Britain, president Putin is also making very good progress with the US. The 16th June meeting in Slovenia between US president George. W. B...

Working with people and organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working with people and organisations - Essay Example In order for GSCC to maintain contact with both the users and providers of social services, they usually have a code of conduct for the workers. This interface is very beneficial because social care workers, employers and users are able to know their rights in the use of the service. A worker usually gets a guide during his or her practice. Therefore, he or she knows what is expected of him or her. Secondly, an employer gets to know what he is supposed to do to ensure that the social care that his employees provide is of high quality. Thirdly, the code also helps the public to be aware of the expected of a behavior of a social worker. Moreover, the public also gets to know how an employer should support his employees in carrying out their jobs (code of practice for social care workers). (Williams, 2009, pg 13) In the event whereby a social worker realizes that a colleague or an employer is contravening the codes of practice, he should report the case to the relevant authorities. Curr ently, GSCC refers to the reporting process as whistle blowing. However, before this body was set up there was he Aspect, which performed a similar function. Unfortunately, Aspect did not have the capacity to protect people who reported such scenarios against victimization.

Deployment of windows 7 in an Enterprise Environment Term Paper - 1

Deployment of windows 7 in an Enterprise Environment - Term Paper Example In order to install windows 7 in a corporate network environment, custom image creation is required. Likewise, the image creation process incorporates seven key steps. However, custom image creation requires two workstations for a successful image creation process. Workstation 1 is named as ‘Technician workstation† and workstation 2 is named as â€Å"Reference workstation†. The technician workstation is utilized to implement tools and reference workstation assist to customize image (Building a standard image of windows 7: Systematic guide). Figure 1.1 illustrates columns for activities on each workstation (Building a standard image of windows 7: Step-by-step guide): The Windows Automated Installation kit provides the access of tools that are required to build custom image of Windows 7. Most importantly, it provides the access of an essential tool Image X, which will capture the image from the reference workstation along with the required files to build a startup disk for Windows. Moreover, the Windows automated installation kit can be downloaded from Microsoft download center. The extension of the image will be with the International Standard Organization i.e. ‘.iso’. The file named as ‘KB3AIK_EN.iso’ is associated with ‘.iso’ extension will be copied to a DVD or a virtual drive. However, no software is required for burning the file as Windows 7 has the capability to copy or burn ISO extension files to DVD’s (Building a standard image of windows 7: Step-by-step guide ). Bootable UFD can be utilized to boot the reference workstation in order to capture an image of the hard drive after the installation and customization of Windows 7. As windows pre installation environment does not possess Image X, a step is added to copy the file named as Image.exe from the folder of AIK installation to the source files of windows pre installation environment before creating ISO file of Windows pre installation environment (Building a

Chapter 6- selection employee Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 6- selection employee - Assignment Example Issuing application forms, this helps one to know the qualifications of the applicant using documentation, the put in information about their past and present job experiences, their personal information like age, addresses, likes, and marital status. The application forms can also be used as evidence incase documentation is needed. Most employers use application forms during interviews as basis questions such as the former employees and working experience. I would also recommend that the dean employ the use of interviews in the process of finding a good candidate for the post of Human Resource professor, this would be very effective if he followed the right procedure in the interview. Using the candidate’s application form during the interview would be very effective in clarification on some pieces of information that one may not get right. Interview is also effective in getting information about the applicant; this is the information that was not contained in the application form. There is also the possibility of using ability tests on the applicants, these kind of tests are use to determine the applicants abilities and skills in certain fields, this is very effective since it helps to know some added information about the applicant. This might some co-curricular skill that they may possess, these tests can be issued inform of pencil and paper tests or job tests, those that may include more of physical input. However, this depends on certain factors, for example, in the case of a human resource officer, and one applicant is elderly and obviously not as strong as their young and energetic counterpart, I would not advice the dean to employ the use of job tests that require so much physical input since it may favor one of the applicants. The pass mark in this type of job application can be lowered or heightened depending on the number of applicants and their scores. One should be very careful when giving out this kind of job application method; it is advis able that they have very clear skills of judgment, in the case of a HR professor; the applicant should have exemplary socialization skills, speech, listening, conflict resolution, and mediation. These would be an added advantage in the job. In this case, I would advise the dean to employ the use of pencil and paper test, or in the case of job tests, I would ask them to solve different types of disputes among the students and judge who is the most effective in it. For the post, I would recommend an applicant who is joyful and does not drug their personal problems to work since it may alter with their work, especially because it involves constant interaction with people. Temperamental people would not be recommended for this job. As much as the use of interview is recommended in job applications so that the employer should have good personal exchange with the candidate, it has its shortcomings, these shortcoming s mainly come with the interviewer. The interviews in most cases lack sub jects and structure, such shortcomings may bring about mistakes such as difference in the questions asked to the applicants which may then cause rate error, whereby it is hard to weigh the amount of marks one should offer on certain questions, and since the questions were different to every employer, it may cause biasness. It may also be different to come up with the most appropriate person for the job since most of the interviewers have different opinions about the performance of the candidate. Some people tend to like certain

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password Guessing Attacks

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password Guessing Attacks ABSTRACT Password login services are now widespread and ever increasing. Attacks that take place on password-only remote login services are brute force and dictionary attack. Providing convenient login for legitimate user.In the proposed system we use Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP) which improves more security by restricting the number of attempts. PGRP allows a high number of failed attempts from known machines. PGRP uses either cookies or IP addresses, or both for tracking legitimate users. Tracking users through their IP addresses also allows PGRP to increase the number of ATTs for password guessing attacks and meanwhile to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts. Key Words – Online password guessing attacks, brute force attacks, password dictionary, ATTs. 1. INTRODUCTION: Online password guessing attacks are the most commonly observed against web applications SSH logins. SANS report observed that password guessing attack is the top cyber security risk. SSH servers that doesn’t allow some standard password authentication suffer the guessing attacks. Online attacks have some disadvantages compared to offline attacks i.e., the attacking machines must use an effective interactive protocol which allows a easier detection of malicious attacks.Malicious attackers try only limited no. of password guesses from a single machine being that account is being locked or before being challenged to answer an ATT. An attacker will employ a large number of machines to avoid locking out. Generally users choose weak passwords. As malicious attackers control large bot nets online attacks became much easier.Restricting the no. of failed trails without ATT’s to a very small number is the effective defense system that can be used against automated online passw ord guessing attacks. Also limiting automated programs(or bots) used by attackers for password guesses for a targeted account, even many different machine from a bot net are used. This method inconveniences offers a legitimate user to answer an ATT on next login attempt after the malicious attackers guesses. Other techniques deployed in practice includes: Even though from a given machine when a certain number of failed attempts occur,it allows login attempts without ATTs from a different machine. After a certain time-out period, it allows more attempts without ATTs and also time-limited account lockinMany existing techniques proposals involve ATT’s, assuming that the challenges provided by the ATTs are difficult for botseasy for people(legitimate users). Users are increasing disliking ATTs and feels it as an unnecessary extra step. Successful attacks are being made which break ATTs without human solvers. ATTs that are to be more difficult.As a consequence, present-day ATTs are becoming more difficult for human users. Therefore, we focus more on reducing user inconvenience by challenging users with fewer ATTs and at the same time subjecting bot logins to more ATT’s, to drive up economic cost to attackers.Two well-known proposals using ATTs to limit online guessing attacks are Pinkas and Sander (PS protocol) and Van Oorsc hot and Stubblebine (VS protocol). The PS proposal reduces the ATTs. The VS proposal reduces this but a significant cost to usability.. The PGRP is being developed by using both PS VS proposals. On the other side, PGRP allows high number of failed attempts from known machines without answering any ATTs. Known machines are defined as those from which successful login has occurred over a fixed time period. These known machines are identified by their IP addresses which are saved on the login server as white list or else in the cookies stored on client. Both the white listed IP address and client cookie expire after a time-period. In both graphical user interface(e.g., browser-based logins) character-based interface(e.g.,SSH logins) PGRP can be accommodated). Both PS and VS proposals, requires the use of browser cookies. PGRP uses either cookies or IP address or both for tracking legitimate users. PGRP increases the number of ATTs for password guessing by tracking users through their IP address also to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts.In recent years, the trend of logging in to online account through multiple personal devices (e.g., PC, laptop’s,smartphones ) is growing. When used from home environment, these devices often share a single IP address which makes IP-based history tracking more user friendly than cookies. 2. Related work: From the early days of the internet the online password guessing attacks have been known to everyone. Account locking is a mechanism which prevents a malicious attacker from multiple passwords particular username. Although account locking is temporary remedy, an attacker can mount a DOS (denial of service) in some amount of time for a particular username can be done by delaying server response after receiving user credentials, whether the password is correct or incorrect. However, for an attacker with access to a botnet, this above mechanism is ineffective. Prevention techniques that depend on requesting the user machine to perform extra computations before replying to the entered credentials are not effective with such adversaries. To prevent the automated programs (brute force dictionary attacks) ATT challenges are used in some protocols.PS presented a login protocol which challenges ATTs to protect against online password guessing attacks. PS protocol reduces the number of ATTs that authorized users must correctly answer, so that a user with a valid browser cookie will be rarely asked to answer an ATT. A deterministic function AskATT() of the entered user credentials is used to decide whether to ask the user an ATT or not. To improve the security features of the PS protocol, Van Oorschot stubblebine defined a modified protocol in which ATTs are always required, once the no. of failed login attempts for a particular username exceeds a threshold. For both PS and VS protocols, the function AskATT() requires a careful design, because the ‘known function attack’ of poor design of this function AskATT() makes the login protocol vulnerable to attacks and also ‘change password attack’. Because of these attacks, the authors proposed a secure non-deterministic keyed hash function as AskATT() so that each username is associated with one key that changes whenever the corresponding password is changed. This proposed function requires extra server-side storage per username atleast one cryptographic hash operation per login attempt. 2.2 Functions PGRP uses the following functions. They are 1.Read Credential. It shows a login prompt to the user and it returns the entered user name and password and also the cookie received from the user’s browser. 2. Login Correct If the provided user name-password is valid, the function return true otherwise it returns false. 3. Grant Access This function sends the cookies to the user’s browser and then gives the permission to access the specified user account. 4. Message It displays the text message. 5. ATT Challenge This function challenges the user with an ATT. If the answer is correct, it returns â€Å"pass† otherwise, it returns â€Å"fails† 7. Valid This function checks the validity of the cookie and it is considered invalid in the following cases: The cookie username doesn’t match with the login username. The expired time of the cookie. The cookie counter is equal to or greater than K1. This function returns true only when a valid cookie is received. 3. Cookies versus Source IP addresses PGRP keeps track of user machines from which successful logins have been initiated previously. If the login server offers a web-based interface, for this purpose choose a browser cookies as a good choice. The login server unable to identify the user in all cases, if the user uses multiple browser or more than one OS on the same machine. Cookies may also be deleted by users, or automatically enabled by the most modern browsers.Cookie theft(eg., through session hijacking)might enable an adversary to impersonate a user who has been successfully authenticated in the past. In addition cookies requires a browser interface.A user machine can be identified by the sourceIP address. To trace users depending on sourceIP address may result in inaccurate identification. This can be done because of various reasons including. 1) The same machine might be assigned different IP addresses. 2) A group of machines might be represented by a small number or a single internet-addressable IP address if NAT mechanism is in place.Drawbacks of identifying a user by means of either a browser cookie or a source IP address include: 3) Failing to identify a machine from which the user has authenticated successfully in the past. 4) Wrongly identifying a machine the user has not authenticated before. Case 1) Decreases usability since the user might be asked to answer an ATT challenge for both correct and incorrect login credentials. Case 2) Affects security since some users/attackers may not be asked to answer an ATT challenge even though they have not logged in successfully from those machines in the past.However, the probability of launching a dictionary or brute force attack from these machines appears to be low. Therefore, we choose to use both browser cookies and source IP address in PGRP to minimize user inconvenience during login process. 3.1. Decision function for requesting ATT’s: The decision to challenge the user with an ATT depends on two factors: 1) Whether the user has authenticated successfully from the machine previously. 2) The total number of failed login attempts for a specified useraccount Fig. 2.Secure but inconvenient login protocol 3.4.1Username-Password Pair Is Valid After entering a correct username-password pair. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge. 1. A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. 2. The user machine’s IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. 3.The number of failed login attempts from any ,machine for that username, FT[un], is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t2 3.4.2Username-Password Pair Is Invalid After entering a incorrect username-password pair. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge. A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. The user machine’s IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. The username is valid and the number of failed login attempts for that username, FT[un], is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t2. 4 System Resources No list’s are maintained in the PS protocol because of this there is no extra memory overhead on the login server. In VS protocol only FT is maintained. In PGRP, three tables must be maintained. First, the white list, W is expected to grow linearly with the number of user’s. W contains a list of{source IP address, username}pairs that have been successfully authenticated in the last t1 units of time. Second, the number of entries in FT increase by one whenever a remote host makes a failed login attempt using a valid user name, if entry is added to FS only when a valid{user name, password} pair is provided from an IP address not used before for this user name. Therefore, the number of entries in FS is proportional to the number of IP addresses legitimate users successfully authenticated from. 4.1  Background On Previous ATT Based Protocols Pinkas and Sander introduced the topic based upon a strawman login protocol that requires answering an ATT challenge first before entering the {user name, password}pair. If the user falling to answer the ATT correctly prevents the user from proceeding further. This protocol requires the adversary to pass an ATT challenge for each password guessing attempt. Simple protocol is effective against online dictionary attacks assuming that the used ATT’s are secure, legitimate users must also pass an ATT challenge for every login attempt. Therefore, this protocol affects user convenience and requires the login server to generate an ATT challenge for every login attempt. Pinkas and Sander proposed a new protocol that reduces the number of ATT’s for legitimate user’s are required to pass. This protocol stores a browser cookie on the machine of users who had previously logged in successfully. Once the user requests the login server URL, the user’s browser sense the cookie back to the server. The protocol then requests the user to enter a {user name, password} pair. If the pair is correct and a valid cookie is received from the browser then the protocol gives permission to access the account. If the pair is correct but no valid cookie is received, then an ATT challenge must be answered before account access is granted. Otherwise, if the pair is incorrect then according to a function AskATT(), an ATT challenge might be required before informing the user that the pair is incorrect. With this protocol, legitimate user must passATT’s in the following cases:1) When the user logs in from a machine for the first time. 2) When the user’s pair is incorrect and AskATT() triggers an ATT. For each password guessing attempt an automated program needs to correctly answer ATT except in one case i.e.,when the {username, password} pair is incorrect and a function AskATT() didn’t request an ATT. Van oorschot and stubblebine proposed modifications to the previous protocol which stores failed login’s per username to impose ATT challenges after exceeding a configurable threshold of failures. Hence, for an incorrect {username, password}pair, the decision to request an ATT not only depends on the function AskATT() but also on the number of failed login attempts for the username.After entering correct credentials in the absence of a valid cookie, the user is asked whether the machine in use is trustworthy and if the user uses it regularly .The cookie is stored in the user’s machine only if the user responds yes to the question. This approach aims to reduce the possibility of cookie theft since a negative answer is expected if the user was from a public machin e .The user account is set be in non-owner mode for a specified time window when a login is successful without receiving a valid cookie from the user machine; otherwise the account is set to owner mode.

Military and Societal Values :: Military Philosophy Society Essays

Military and Societal Values Colonel Malham M. Wakin, in his evening address, asks whether Plato's claim that "knowledge is virtue" is true. Much contemporary experience suggests otherwise. To some extent, such an observation could apply to the military as well. Col Wakin argues that we do have some basic knowledge about human conduct, but that we live in a highly pluralistic society in which some practices reject that basic knowledge. Nonetheless, even though we draw members of the military from that pluralistic society, the uniqueness of the military function will always keep its leading practitioners apart from the mainstream of civilian society. The military profession swears to defend the values, the lifestyle that incorporates the minimal conditions for human dignity. After examining the convergence of the values that are functionally necessary for the military and those that we know are fundamental to social existence, he concludes that a competent military profession can serve as a moral anchor for its p arent society. I Many years ago when I learned I was going to have the opportunity to study philosophy at the graduate level, I was tremendously excited. What a wonderful opportunity this would be, I thought, to sit at the feet of Socrates and be enlightened by those who studied the crucial problems of human existence. I expected that senior philosophy professors would be marvelous role models in their personal lives and I looked forward with great anticipation to associating with those who had solved the problems of the universe. Indeed, these senior professors seemed very wise. They were dazzling in their abilities to rattle off the names and theories of great thinkers from every era. They knew the views of those whose names I couldn't even pronounce and I said to myself: "I'll never be able to grasp all of these ideas nor remember them well enough to teach them to others." But as time went on, I was slightly devastated to observe that these senior professors were not, as a group, the congenial masters of everyday living I expected them to be. They were not all basically kind persons--not even to each other. In fact, some would occasionally cross the street to avoid meeting and speaking with a colleague. And some had difficulties in their most important personal relationships--divorce, legal squabbles, envy, character assassination, narcissism--hardly what I had hoped for in the most knowledgeable, most studious persons in our society.