Psychological Elements in “The Machinist” Essay example

Popular films are replete with characters that possess symptoms indicating severe psychological disorders. In the film â€Å"The Machinist†, the main character displays many symptoms, indicating more than one disorder. This essay will discuss the character’s background, symptoms, and actions in order to attempt to provide an appropriate psychological diagnosis. It is important to remember that filmmakers do not strictly follow the criteria found within the DSM, but any diagnosis found within this essay will be as accurate as possible. Anderson’s film (2004) tells us that the â€Å"client’s† name is Trevor Reznik. He is an unmarried white male, and although unspecified, he appears to be approximately 30-35 years of age. There is no indication†¦show more content†¦The hallucinations include two different individuals: one is a new coworker named â€Å"Ivan†, the other is a coffee shop waitress (with whom he pursues a relationship). He also possesses a belief that someone is breaking into his domicile and leaving notes for him (although he is seemingly unaware of the purpose). He has actually found notes, but has no knowledge of their origin. His hallucinations were responsible for a major industrial accident at his place of employment (during which a coworker was dismembered) and now the client is experiencing paranoia and believes his coworkers are persecuting him. The client is very excitable, and seems to have a heightened awareness of objects that remind him of the repre ssed hit and run incident. The clients overall mood appears depressed, with very few exceptions, and he has had interpersonal conflicts with coworkers. He performs tasks robotically, and even shows some signs of obsessive compulsive behavior, specifically hand-washing with bleach and lye. The client’s weight loss over the previous year is dramatic; he is essentially emaciated, yet continues to go to work and perform personal tasks. In the next few paragraphs, this information will be used to formulate a psychological diagnosis for Reznik. Diagnoses are presented using the multiaxial system in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. TheseShow MoreRelatedMGT1FOM Key Management Theorists26579 Words   |  107 Pagesas the guidance of machine operations. Half a century later, Herman Hollerith invented the earliest practical punched-card tabulating machine, probably building on the ideas of Jacquard and Babbage. In concept, Babbage’s computer had all the basic elements of a more modern version. It had a store (or memory device), a mill (or arithmetic unit), a punch-card input system, external memory storage, and conditional transfer. In retrospect, ‘‘Babbage’s genius was not in the calculating power of his engineRead MoreThe Heritage of Operations Management2336 Words   |  10 Pagesrapidly disassemble and reassemble their weapons even when blindfolded or in total darkness. 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How Beowulf Does Not Embody The Heroic Ideal Of The Anglo...

Alexandra Phan English IV Honors Mr Lindsay 4B October 22, 2015 Beowulf Essay 1) Explore the ways in which Beowulf does and does not embody the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxons. Beowulf is an epic hero from the Anglo-Saxon period, who takes on a great deal of challenges and adventures. The character Beowulf embodies the virtues of the Anglo-Saxon culture and beliefs. He incorporate the traits of Anglo-Saxon society with strength, bravery, honor, and the desire to help the helpless. In the beginning of the book, Beowulf travels to help the Danes kill Grendel. Grendel is a aggressive monster that has been killing the Danes in the mead hall every night. During the time period, warriors would celebrate their victories and express their accomplishments through songs. The social gathering has began bothering Grendel due to the fact he could hear all the noise of happiness coming from one area, this encouraged Grendel to be annoyed at the fact that he knows that he is a descendent from Cain, and knows he will never feel or be happy. The news of how Grendel was murder ing the Danes starts to spread all over the kingdom. When Beowulf hears about Grendel, he feels that it is his duty to stop Grendel from killing anymore, Beowulf leaves to go to Herot to destroy him. Beowulf is mostly being applaud for his long journey to face this terrible monster. Beowulf says, â€Å"Grendel is no braver, no stronger than I am! I could kill him with my sword: I shall not† (line 677). Beowulf feelsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 Pagesheroistic ideals are sometimes the basis of a society. The Anglo-Saxon people are a prime example of the previous statement. In Anglo-Saxon culture, being called a hero was an honor. Heroes were treated like kings. One of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero as he was courageous, strong, and determined. Due to its wondrous tales of Beowulf’s intrepid adventures, Beowulf i s a heroic epic. ToRead MoreThe Cruelty Of The Epic And What Cruelty Reveals About The Perpetrator / Victim1788 Words   |  8 PagesBeowulf Essay Topic: how cruelty functions in the epic/what cruelty reveals about the perpetrator/victim Thesis: Anglo-Saxons prize cruelty. They fight, they celebrate the victory. That’s the basic cycle. Beowulf is cruel and that makes him a hero- Grendel is cruel but it’s a result of his alienation with society and jealousy of society Beowulf’s cruelty is never seen as such (except by Grendel’s mother), and that leads him to become an undefeated hero in the eyes of the people The dragon is cruel-Read MoreBeowulf: An Analysis1615 Words   |  7 Pages11/26/10 Beowulf Anglo Saxons are Germanic people that lived during the 5th and 6th centuries. This early Anglo-Saxon society was centered on families and clans. The earliest Saxon settlers and families in England were pagans who worshipped a number of gods. Although Anglo Saxons had unalterable beliefs, Christians eventually purveyed their religion upon the pagans. However, the ideals of paganism still perpetuate through the most prominent epic poem of this era called Beowulf. Beowulf embodiesRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagespamphlets travel writing highly ornate writing style fiction employs generic plots and characters fiction often tells the story of how an innocent young woman is tested by a seductive male Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · patriotism grows instills pride creates common agreement about issues shows differences between Americans and Europeans Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · tells readers how to interpret what they are reading to encourage Revolutionary War support instructive in values American Renaissance/Romanticism

The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Biomedical information sciences is an emerging field using information engineerings in medical attention. This interdisciplinary field bridges the clinical and genomic research by disputing computing machine solutions ( Mayer, 2012 ) . It is the scientific discipline of utilizing system analytic tools to develop algorithms for direction, procedure control, determination devising and scientific analysis of medical cognition ( Edward Shortliffe H, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It leads to the development of intelligent algorithms that can execute submitted undertakings and do determinations without human intercession. It focuses chiefly on algorithms needed for use and geting cognition from the information which distinguishes it from other medical subjects pulling research workers interested in cognition acquisition for adept systems in the biomedical field. Knowledge Discovery Procedure The term Knowledge Discovery in databases ( KDD ) has been adopted for a field of research covering with the automatic find of inexplicit information or cognition within databases ( Jiawei, et al. , 2008 ) . With the fast development and acceptance of informations aggregation methods including high throughput sequencing, electronic wellness records, and assorted imaging techniques, the wellness attention industry has accumulated a big sum of informations. KDD are progressively being applied in wellness attention for obtaining huge cognition by placing potentially valuable and apprehensible forms in the database. These forms can be utilized for farther research and rating of studies. Stairss in KDD Process The chief challenge in KDD procedure is to detect, every bit much as possible utile forms from the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stairss in KDD procedure. Fig 1.2 KDD Procedure The overall procedure of happening and construing forms from informations involves the perennial application of the undermentioned stairss. 1. Datas choice 2. Data cleansing and preprocessing 3. Data decrease and projection 4. Datas excavation 5. Interpreting and measuring mined forms 6. Consolidating discovered cognition Data excavation Data excavation, a cardinal undertaking in the KDD, plays a cardinal function in pull outing forms. Forms may be â€Å" similarities † or â€Å" regularities † in the information, â€Å" high-ranking information † or â€Å" cognition † implied by the informations ( Stutz J 1996 ) . The forms discovered depend upon the information excavation undertakings applied to the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stages in the information excavation procedure. Figure 1.3 Phases in the information excavation procedure The stages in the information excavation procedure to extort forms include Developing an apprehension of the application sphere Data geographic expedition Data readying Choosing the information excavation algorithms Modeling Mining forms Interpretation of forms Evaluation of consequences 1.2.3 Development of informations excavation Data excavation has evolved over three subjects viz. statistics, unreal intelligence ( AI ) and machine acquisition ( ML ) ( Becher. J. 2000 ) . Statistics forms the base for most engineerings, on which information excavation is built. The following subject, AI is the art of implementing human thought like treating to statistical jobs. The 3rd one ML can be exposed as the brotherhood of statistics and AI. Data excavation is basically the version of machine larning techniques to analyze informations and happen antecedently concealed tendencies or forms within. Figure 1.4 Development of informations excavation 1.2.4 Machine acquisition ML is the construct which makes the computing machine plans learn and analyze the given informations they study, so that the plans themselves can be capable of doing different determinations based on the qualities of the studied informations. They have the capableness to automatically larn cognition from experience and other ways ( T, et al. , 2008 ) . They make usage of statistics for cardinal constructs adding more advanced AI heuristics and algorithms to accomplish its ends. ML has a broad assortment of applications in wellness attention. Clinical determination support systems are one among them. 1.3 Clinical determination support systems A clinical determination support system has been coined as an active cognition systems, which use two or more points of patient informations to bring forth case-specific advice [ ] . Clinical determination support systems ( CDSS ) assist doctors in the determination devising procedure. They give a 2nd sentiment in naming diseases therefore cut downing mistakes in diagnosing. They help the clinicians in early diagnosing, differential diagnosing and choosing proper intervention schemes without human intercession. Necessity of CDSS The most important issue confronting a household doctor is the perfect diagnosing of the disease. As more intervention options are available it will go progressively of import to name them early. Although human determination devising is frequently optimum, the turning figure of patients together with clip restraints increases the emphasis and work burden for the doctors and decreases the quality attention offered by them to the patients. Having an adept nearby all clip to help in determination devising is non a executable solution. CDSS offers a executable solution by back uping doctors with a fast sentiment of what the diagnosing of the patient could be and ease to better nosologies in complex clinical state of affairss. Approachs for CDSS There are two types of attacks for edifice CDSS, viz. those utilizing knowledge base and illation engine and those utilizing machine larning algorithms. ML systems are most preferable than regulation based systems. Table 1.1 shows the differences between regulation based and ML based systems. Difference between the two attacks for CDSS Rule based Systems ML based systems Synergistic hence slow Non synergistic hence fast Human resources are needed to do regulations at each measure in determination devising procedure Once the system is trained determination devising is done automatically without human intercession therefore salvaging adept human resources Knowledge base requires inference engine for geting cognition Non cognition base learn and update cognition through experience ML based CDSS ML algorithms based systems are fast and effectual for a individual disease. Pattern acknowledgment is indispensable for the diagnosing of new diseases. ML plays a critical function in acknowledging forms in the information excavation procedure. It searches for the forms within the patient database. Searching and acknowledging forms in the biochemical province of morbid people is really relevant to understanding of how diseases manifest or drugs act. This information can be utilized for disease bar, disease direction, drug find therefore bettering wellness attention and wellness care. Requirements of a good Cadmium The prognostic public presentation and generalisation power of CDSS plays a critical function in categorization of diseases. Typically high sensitiveness and specificity is required to govern out other diseases. This reduces subsequent diagnostic processs which causes extra attempts and costs for differential diagnosing of the disease. Additionally high prognostic truth, speedy processing, consequences reading and visual image of the consequences are besides compulsory for good showing systems. Common issues for CDSS In CDSS systems determination devising can be seen as a procedure in which the algorithm at each measure selects a variable, learns and updates inference based on the variable and uses the new overall information to choose farther variables. Unfortunately finding which sequence carries the most diagnostic information is hard because the figure of possible sequences taking to rectify diagnosing is really big. Choosing good variables for categorization is a ambitious undertaking. Another practical job originating from the CDSS is handiness of necessary sample of patients with a confirmed diagnosing. If there were adequate sample from the population of given disease it would be possible to happen out assorted forms of the properties in the sample. The thesis addresses these two jobs individually. Organization of the thesis The thesis is divided into 10 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature reappraisal Chapter 3: Motivation and aims of the work Chapter 4: Knowledge based analysis of supervised larning algorithms in disease sensing Chapter 5: SVM based CSSFFS Feature choice algorithm for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 6: A Hybrid Feature Selection Method based on IGSBFS and NaA?ve Bayes for the Diagnosis of Erythemato – Squamous Diseases Chapter 8: A Combined CFS – SBS Approach for Choosing Predictive Genes to Detect Colon Cancer Chapter 9: A Hybrid SPR_Naive Bayes Algorithm to choose marker cistrons for observing malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 10: Hegs algorithm Chapter 11: LNS Semi Supervised Learning Algorithm for Detecting Breast Cancer Chapter 12: Decision and future sweetening. Drumhead Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal Overview of Machine larning Machine larning systems in wellness attention As medical information systems in modern infirmaries and medical establishments became larger and larger it causes greater troubles. The information base is more for disease sensing. Medical analysis utilizing machine larning techniques has been implemented for the last two decennaries. It has been proven that the benefits of presenting machine larning into medical analysis are to increase diagnostic truth, to cut down costs and to cut down human resources. The medical spheres in which ML has been used are diagnosing of acute appendicitis [ 27 ] , diagnosing of dermatological disease [ 28 ] , diagnosing of female urinary incontinency [ 29 ] , diagnosing of thyroid diseases [ 30 ] , happening cistrons in DNA [ 31 ] , outcome anticipation of patients with terrible caput hurt [ 32 ] , outcome patients of patients with terrible caput hurt [ 33 ] , Xcyt, by Dr. Wolberg to accurately name chest multitudes based entirely on a Fine Needle Aspiration ( FNA ) [ 35 ] , anticipation of metabolic and respiratory acidosis in kids [ 34 ] , every bit good as associating clinical and neurophysiologic appraisal of spasticity [ 35 ] among many others. Mention [ 31 ] [ 103 ] . ML Systems procedure Machine acquisition types Applications of ML ML algorithms Common algorithmic issues Solutions to the algorithmic issues Feature choice Feature choice has besides been used in the anticipation of molecular bioactivity in drug design [ 132 ] , and more late, in the analysis of the context of acknowledgment of functional site in DNA sequences [ 142, 72, 69 ] . Advantages of characteristic choice Improved public presentation of categorization algorithms by taking irrelevant characteristics ( noise ) . Improved generalisation ability of the classifier by avoiding over-fitting ( larning a classifier that is excessively tailored to the preparation samples, but performs ill on other samples ) . By utilizing fewer characteristics, classifiers can be more efficient in clip and infinite. It allows us to better understand the sphere. It is cheaper to roll up and hive away informations based on a decreased characteristic set. Need for characteristic choice Feature choice methods Presently three major types of characteristic choice theoretical accounts have been intensively utilised for cistron choice and informations dimension decrease in microarray informations. They are filter theoretical accounts, wrapper theoretical accounts, and embedded theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Examples of filters are 2-statistic [ 5 ] , t-statistic [ 6 ] , ReliefF [ 7 ] , Information Gain [ 8 ] etc. Classical negligee algorithms include forward choice and backward riddance [ 4 ] . The 3rd group of choice strategy known as embedded attacks uses the inductive algorithm itself as the characteristic picker every bit good as classifier. Feature choice is really a byproduct of the categorization procedure. Examples are categorization trees such as ID3 [ 15 ] and C4.5 [ 16 ] . John, Kohavi and Pfleger [ 7 ] addressed the job of irrelevant characteristics and the subset choice job. Pudil, and Kittler [ 20 ] presented drifting hunt methods in characteristic choice. Blum and Langley [ 1 ] focused on two cardinal issues: the job of choosing relevant characteristics and the job of choosing relevant illustrations. Kohavi and John [ 24 ] introduced negligees for characteristic subset choice. Yang and Pedersen [ 27 ] evaluated document frequence ( DF ) , information addition ( IG ) , common information ( MI ) , a 2-test ( CHI ) and term strength ( TS ) ; and found IG and CHI to be the most effectual. Dash and Liu [ 4 ] gave a study of characteristic choice methods for categorization. Liu and Motoda [ 12 ] wrote their book on characteristic choice which offers an overview of the methods developed since the 1970s and provides a general model in order to analyze these methods and categorise them. Kira and Rendell ( 1992 ) described a statistical characteristic choice algorithm called RELIEF that uses case based larning to delegate a relevancy weight to each characteristic. Koller and Sahami ( 1996 ) examined a method for characteristic subset choice based on Information Theory. Jain and Zongker ( 1997 ) considered assorted characteristic subset choice algorithms and found that the consecutive forward drifting choice algorithm, proposed by Pudil, NovoviE†¡covA?a and Kittler ( 1994 ) , dominated the other algorithms tested. Yang and Honavar ( 1998 ) used a familial algorithm for characteristic subset choice. Weston, et Al. ( 2001 ) introduced a method of characteristic choice for SVMs. Xing, Jordan and Karp ( 2001 ) successfully applied characteristic choice methods ( utilizing a loanblend of filter and wrapper attacks ) to a categorization job in molecular biological science affecting merely 72 informations points in a 7130 dimensional infinite. Miller ( 2002 ) explained subset choice in arrested development. Forman ( 2003 ) presented an em pirical comparing of 12 characteristic choice methods. Guyon and Elisseeff ( 2003 ) gave an debut to variable and feature choice. FS in clinical informations Ressom et.al [ 3 ] gives an overview of statistical and machine learning-based characteristic choice and pattern categorization algorithms and their application in molecular malignant neoplastic disease categorization or phenotype anticipation. Their work does non affect experimental consequences. C.Y.V Watanabe et.al [ 4 ] , have devised a method called SACMiner aimed at chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing utilizing statistical association regulations. The method employs statistical association regulations to construct a categorization theoretical account. Their work classifies medical images and is non applicable to textual medical informations. Siegfried Nijssen et al. , [ 10 ] have presented their work on multi-class co-related form excavation. Their work resulted in the design of a new attack for point set excavation on informations from the UCI depository. Their comparing included merely the new attack designed and the extension of the Apriori algorithm. Their consequenc es reveal comparison chiefly on the runtime of the excavation attacks. T. Cover and P. Hart [ 11 ] performed categorization undertaking utilizing K- Nearest Neighbor categorization method. Their work shows that K-NN can be really accurate in categorization undertakings under certain specific fortunes. Their consequences reveal that for any figure of classs, the chance of mistake of the Nearest Neighbor regulation is bounded above by twice the Bayes chance of mistake. Aruna et.al [ 6 ] presented a comparing of categorization algorithms on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer and Breast tissue dataset but has non provided characteristic choice as a pre-classification status. Furthermore they have analyzed the categorization consequences of merely five categorization algorithms viz. NaA?ve Bayes, Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) , Radial Basis Neural Networks ( RB-NN ) , Decision trees J48 and simple CART. Luxmi et. al. , [ 12 ] have performed a comparative survey on the public presentation of b inary classifiers. They have used the Wisconsin chest malignant neoplastic disease dataset with 10 properties and non the chest tissue dataset. Furthermore they have non brought out the consequence of characteristic choice in categorization. Their experimental survey was restricted to four categorization algorithms viz. ID3, C4.5, K-NN and SVM. Their consequences did non uncover complete truth for any of the categorization algorithms. FS in genomic informations Feature choice techniques are critical to the analysis of high dimensional datasets [ 1 ] . This is particularly true in cistron choice of microarrays because such datasets frequently contain a limited figure of preparation samples but big sum of characteristics, under the premise that merely several of which are strongly associated with the categorization undertaking while others are excess and noisy [ 2 ] . Previous research has proven cistron choice to be an effectual step in cut downing dimension to better the computational efficiency, taking irrelevant and noisy cistrons to better categorization and prognostic truth, and heightening interpretability that can assist place and supervise the mark disease or map types [ 3 ] . Gene look analysis is an illustration of a large-scale experiment, where one measures the written text of the familial information contained within the DNA into other merchandises, for illustration, courier RNA ( messenger RNA ) . By analyzing different degrees of messenger RNA activities of a cell, scientists learn how the cell alterations to react both to environmental stimulations and its ain demands. However, cistron look involves supervising the look degrees of 1000s of cistrons at the same time under a peculiar status. Microarray engineering makes this possible. A microarray is a tool for analysing cistron look. It consists of a little membrane or glass slide incorporating samples of many cistrons arranged in a regular form. Microarray analysis allows scientists to observe 1000s of cistrons in a little sample at the same time and to analyse the look of those cistrons. There are two chief types of microarray systems [ 35 ] : the complementary DNA microarrays developed in the Bro wn and Botstein Laboratory at Stanford [ 32 ] and the high-density oligonucleotide french friess from the Affymetrix company [ 73 ] Gene look informations from DNAmicroarrays are characterized by manymeasured variables ( cistrons ) on merely a few observations ( experiments ) , although both the figure of experiments and cistrons per experiment are turning quickly [ 82 ] . in [ 12 ] , cistrons selected by t-statistic were fed to a Bayesian probabilistic model for sample categorization. Olshen et al [ 85 ] suggested uniting t-statistic, Wilcoxon rank sum trial or the X2-statistic with a substitution based theoretical account to carry on cistron choice. Park et al built a marking system in [ 87 ] to delegate each cistron a mark based on preparation samples. Jaeger et al [ 51 ] designed three pre-filtering methods to recover groups of similar cistrons. Two of them are based on bunch and one is on correlativity. Thomas et Al in [ 121 ] , they presented a statistical arrested development patterning attack to detect cistrons that are differentially expressed between two categories of samples. to detect differentially expressed cistrons, Pan [ 86 ] compared t-statistic, the arrested development patterning attack against a mixture theoretical account attack proposed by him. Besides statistical steps, other dimension decrease methods were besides adopted to choose cistrons from look informations. Nguyen et al [ 82 ] proposed an analysis process for cistron look informations categorization, affecting dimension decrease utilizing partial least squares ( PLS ) and categorization utilizing logistic favoritism ( LD ) and quadratic discriminant analysis ( QDA ) . Furey et al [ 39 ] farther tested the efficiency of SVM on several other cistron look informations sets and besides obtained good consequences. Both of them selected prejudiced cistrons via signal-to-noise step. two new Bayesian categorization algorithms were investigated in Li et al [ 68 ] which automatically incor porated a characteristic choice procedure. Weston et al [ 131 ] incorporate characteristic choice into the learning process of SVM. The characteristic choice techniques they used included Pearson correlativity coefficients, Fisher standard mark, Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial and generalisation choice bounds from statistical larning theory. Traveling a measure farther, Guyon et al [ 43 ] presented an algorithm called recursive characteristic riddance ( RFE ) , by which characteristics were in turn eliminated during the preparation of a sequence of SVM classifiers. Gene choice was performed in [ 50 ] by a consecutive hunt engine, measuring the goodness of each cistron subset by a wrapper method. Another illustration of utilizing the negligee method was [ 67 ] , where Li et al combined a familial algorithm ( GA ) and the k-NN method to place a subset of cistrons that could jointly know apart between different categories of samples. Culhane et al [ 31 ] applied Between-Group Analysis ( BGA ) to microarray informations. A few published surveies have shown promising consequences for outcome anticipation utilizing cistron look profiles for certain diseases [ 102, 14, 129, 140, 88, and 60 ] . Cox relative jeopardy arrested development [ 30, 74 ] is a common method to analyze patient results. It has been used by Rosenwald et Al to analyze endurance after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) patients [ 102 ] , and by Beer et Al to foretell patient out of lung glandular cancer [ 14 ] . Semi supervised larning Within the machine larning community, a figure of semi-supervised larning algorithms have been introduced taking to better the public presentation of classifiers by utilizing big sums of unlabelled samples together with the labelled 1s [ 12 ] . The end of semi-supervised acquisition is to utilize bing labeled informations in concurrence with unlabelled informations to bring forth more accurate classifiers than utilizing the labeled information entirely. A good overview of semi-supervised acquisition is provided by [ 7 ] . SSL methods Semi-supervised larning algorithms can be productive, discriminatory or a combination of both. Some popular semi supervised methods within the productive categorization model include co-training [ 2, 5 ] . and outlook maximization ( EM ) mixture theoretical accounts [ 9, 1 ] . As a generic ensemble larning model [ 20 ] , hiking plants via consecutive building a additive combination of base scholars, which appears unusually successful for supervised acquisition [ 21 ] . Boosting has been extended to SSL with different schemes. Semi-supervised Margin Boost [ 22 ] and ASSEMBLE [ 23 ] were proposed by presenting the â€Å" pseudo category † or the â€Å" pseudo label † constructs to an unlabelled point so that unlabelled points can be treated every bit same as labelled illustrations in the boosting process. Regularization has been employed in semi supervised larning to work unlabelled informations [ 8 ] . A figure of regularisation methods have been proposed based on a bunc h or smoothness premise, which exploits unlabelled informations to regulate the determination boundary and hence affects the choice of larning hypotheses [ 9 – 14 ] . Working on a bunch or smoothness premise, most of the regularisation methods are of course inductive. On the other manus, the manifold premise has besides been applied for regularisation where the geometric construction behind labelled and unlabelled informations is explored with a graph-based representation. In such a representation, illustrations are expressed as the vertices and the brace wise similarity between illustrations is described as a leaden border. Therefore, graph-based algorithms make good usage of the manifold construction to propagate the known label information over the graph for labeling all nodes [ 15 – 19 ] Drumhead Chapter 3 Motivation and aims of the work Motivation of the work From the literature study it can be seen that the machine-controlled systems for disease sensing, unluckily merely sort types of tumours or used for differential diagnosing of the disease. They do non choose the enlightening characteristic which contains necessary information for disease sensing. Raw information is used for preparation. Categorization utilizing natural informations without any pre processing techniques is a arduous work for the classifiers. The truth of the excavation algorithms is affected by the redundant, irrelevant and noisy properties in the information set. Generalizations of the machine acquisition algorithms are influenced by the dimension of the information set. Preprocessing techniques like characteristic choice and characteristic extraction eliminates excess, irrelevant properties and reduces noise from the information identifies prognostic characteristics therefore cut downing dimension of the informations. Many of the surveies available in the literature uses feature extraction techniques which transforms the properties or combines two or more characteristics therefore bring forthing new characteristic. Some surveies available in the literature utilizing feature choice techniques used either filters or negligees for choosing needed characteristic subset. Typically, filter based algorithms do non optimise the categorization truth of the classifier straight, but effort to choose characteristics with certain sort of rating standard. Filters have good computational complexness. The advantages are that the algorithms are frequently fast and the selected cistrons are better generalized to unobserved informations categorization. Different from filters, the wrapper attack evaluates the selected characteristic subset harmonizing to their power to better sample categorization truth [ 9 ] . The categorization therefore is â€Å" cloaked † in the variable choice procedure. Wrappers yield high truth. Furthermore, extra stairss are needed to pull out the selected characteristics from the embedded algorithms. To harvest the advantages of both methods hybrid algorithms are of recent research involvement. The thesis addresses the job of characteristic choice for machine larning through assorted methods to choose minimum characteristic subset from the job sphere. A good characteristic can lend a batch to the categorization. The classifier ‘s true value depends on the ability to pull out information utile for determination support. Existing CDSS systems are developed utilizing supervised algorithms, they require a batch of labelled samples for constructing the initial theoretical account. Obtaining labelled samples are hard clip devouring and dearly-won. But unlabelled samples are abundant. Semi supervised algorithms are suited for this state of affairs. These systems do non pull out the cognition available in the unlabelled samples. SSL combines both labeled and unlabelled illustrations to bring forth an appropriate map or classifier. When the labeled informations are limited, the usage of cognition from unlabelled informations helps to better the public presentation. SSL algorithms use the cognition from the abundant unlabeled samples for constructing the theoretical account. Aims of the work Better the quality of medical determination support systems. Bettering the prognostic power of classifiers utilizing characteristic choice algorithms. Elimination of redundant, irrelevant and noisy characteristics without losing the important features of the information sphere. Improve generalisation of classifiers. Reducing the complexness of the algorithms. Benefits of the research work The developed theoretical accounts in this research shall help the clinicians to better their anticipation theoretical accounts for single patients. More dependable diagnosing. Quality services at low-cost costs can be provided. Poor clinical determinations can be eliminated. How to cite The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cults Essay Research Paper I Brief Introduction free essay sample

Cults Essay, Research Paper I. Brief Introduction Recently during our in category treatment we where introduced to the definition of a cult. So unbenounced to myself I was unaware of the fact this paper was due. Which is wholly my mistake. This in bend ailing my involvement to larn more of the cult and where this term originated. So The past hebdomad I attempted to read many articles on such things as Waco and the similar. The contention environing new spiritual motions seems to be foremost concerned with whether or non the members of these faiths come of their ain freewill or if they convert as a necessary and inevitable response to coercion, or brainwashing techniques employed by the cult leaders. I antecedently stated this in one of my Journal entries. It seems that there is ever one adult male in charge with all the power. With this power he can necessarily bring on a signifier of brainwashing. The construct of brainwashing came into popular being in the 1950 s as the consequence of efforts to seek and explicate the behaviour of some American GI s who defected to the Communists during the Korean War ( 19 Oct 1999 ) . Many people, including some professionals, found brainwashing to be an acceptable account for the otherwise unaccountable behaviour. However, the brainwashing theory did nil to explicate why 100s of other captured GI s chose to stay true to their state even at the hazard of being tortured. It could non accurately history for the behaviour of a choice few GI s when it did non offer any account for the behaviour of the bulk. This besides ties in with something we discussed early on in the one-fourth called shell daze. Many times throughout history we tend to seek an easy reply for that which we do non understand. Or instead that which we DO NOT desire to understand. It is much easier for us as worlds to disregard such things to brainwashing or shellshock instead so to seek the truth. Since the 1950 s, the construct of brainwashing has faded in and out of public consciousness with a inclination to flame up up once more in the face of public contention. In the 1960 s and 1970 s the brainwashing argument once more took centre phase, this clip in an effort to explicate the behaviour of alleged groups who left behind a normal life and opted alternatively for a cult being. I believe James would hold questioned this. What is a normal life. He stood on the evidences of, ( in Lamens footings ) to each their ain. Who are we to state who is right and who is incorrect? If this cult life where to break a individual and make good for a community who are we to judge? Although bookmans of new spiritual motions would hold that spiritual groups frequently have significant influence over their followings, they would besides reason that the influence exerted in # 8220 ; cults # 8221 ; is non really different from influence that is present in practically every sphere of life, ( 19 Oct 1999 ) . Mainstream faiths besides exercise influence over their members refering affairs such as lifestyle picks, familial dealingss and pecuniary contributions. Furthermore, most societal scientists concede that some grade of influence is inevitable in each civilization and aspect of life even outside the sphere of spiritual pick. Despite the fact that there do non look to be any surveies that once and for all provide grounds of brainwashing as a legitimate account for connection, and in malice of the many surveies that have refuted that brainwashing defence successfully, the brainwashing theory continues to be debated on a regular basis. Although we tend to set this construct to rest at times, it shall necessarily rise up its ugly caput. Then one time once more we must inquiry and difference is it brainwashing or instead a free pick? The construct of brainwashing is still frequently relied on to account for behaviour that is otherwise culturally indefensible. If brainwashing is non an appropriate account for the transition of people to NRM s than what is? A common subject on the anticult side of the transition argument is the statement that members are, to changing grades, predisposed to going cult members. This supposed sensitivity is normally thought to be a merchandise of depression, heartache, solitariness and a life filled with consecutive failures. Often these cults are funded by its followings giving their secular goods. Although I can non cite this In one of the many articles I read in one such instance where a successful concern adult male was a chief subscriber to the cult. However, as recent surveies have shown, this is non wholly true. Although many people who seek out NRM s are enduring with depression or have realized some reverses the same could be said of some that seek out mainstream faiths for the same grounds, viz. to experience better about themselves and to happen purpose and significance in life. Once once more I must repeat James s ideas. His justice no others constructs frequently put these positions into inquiry. Shelley Leibert, an teacher with the Unification Church, has discussed two chief types of people that pass through the UC cantonments ( Dawson, 1996:204 ) . Leibert depict one type as being good rounded, successful and secure while the other is described as being drug users, dropouts and vagrants. Leibert concludes that it is the latter that are most improbable to give themselves to the life style of the UC. Advocates of the predestination theory frequently argue that it is these down and alone people who are susceptible, preset and frequently targeted victims of cult brainwashing. They make these premises frequently missing any firsthand cognition of cult recruiting patterns. While it is true that at times some cult members appear to be more vulnerable to cult recruiting ( Dawson, 1996:205 ) , it remains that exposure and predisposed are two different constructs. Furthermore, many of those who are deemed to be vulnerable ( recent grass widows, the grieving, etc. , ) often regard their cult experience as a positive and curative experience, even after go forthing the cult environment ( Dawson, 1996:205 ) . Although, as Dr. John G. Clark suggests, these apparently vulnerable people join NRM s in an effort to experience better about themselves ( Dawson, 1996:207 ) , the same thing can be said of many who join mainstream spiritual organisations. Regardless of whether the vulnerable individual chooses to fall in a mainstream faith or an NRM, it is, however, still a pick. The exercise of freewill, or pick, by cult inductees is apparent but their frequent church, or cult, skiping done in order to happen a group whose beliefs and patterns best answer their inquiries ( Dawson, 1996:205 ) . The brainwashing theory handily provides an mercantile establishment for the anti-cult motion to reply to the inquiry of why some people chose NRM s over mainstream faiths. It allows those who leave NRM s and repent their former connexions to avoid taking duty for their actions and takes the incrimination for their aberrant behaviour off from them. In making so, the brainwashing theory negates the plausibleness of freewill. In shutting, it could be argued that, if brainwashing were a legitimate theory, the anti-cult motion exhibits more head control behaviours than do NRM s, when sing their engagement in action such as deprogramming and their consistent usage of propaganda and half truths. It must be stated that it is a CHOICE. II Brief decision Often times in paper we must province the facts and argue each instance with out sentiment. This is why I enjoy the diary subjects. It is highly difficult to set 1s ain personal ideas and feelings into a paper. As I am right now, I am merely flying it. With out any pre planned composing but merely saying what comes to my caput. So Like I said The ground I take this subject was because of what we discussed in category besides how the instance of Waco stuck so deeply in our caputs. Hopefully I will compose on James in my following paper. Many of the things sing cults could be argued by James. I enjoy his non judgmental manner of believing. Such as you can believe in what you want, like mystical experiences.

Long-Term SEO Strategies to Increase Sales on Amazon

Amazon provides an income stream for a variety of individuals and organizations, which is why Amazon product copywriters are in such high demand. However, as competition intensifies, sellers need to bring their best game to maximize Amazon rankings and sales. Creating compelling Amazon product descriptions is key, but success goes beyond good product description writing. Even on the world’s largest e-commerce website, sales can hit a glass ceiling. With around 120 million products available for purchase on Amazon, how do you ensure potential customers find your listing? The solution – whether you’re a company, sole trader, or a reseller – is to focus on Amazon SEO. In this post, we’ll look at why Amazon SEO matters, what you should do to increase your Amazon rankings, and how to use these strategies to increase sales. Why Does SEO Affect Amazon Sales? When thinking of SEO, we often think about ranking on Google. However, consumers are just as likely to be searching for your business and products on the Amazon platform. Like Google, Amazon uses its own algorithm – called A9 – to rank products according to various factors. So marketers can optimize their product listings to rank higher on Amazon, just as they would optimize their content for Google. And just like on Google, users are more likely to click on the first few search results. This is why your Amazon search rankings are so important. Unlike many Google users, searchers on Amazon are ready to buy. Understanding Amazon’s algorithm is, therefore, key to improving your visibility and increasing sales. Boosting the ranking of each product listing comes down to two things: How relevant your listing is to a search query. Product sales performance and the competitiveness of your product listing. If you can get these two things right, you’ll end up ranking higher and selling more, which further boosts your rankings. Five Tips to Improve Your Amazon Rankings So what exactly should you do to increase your Amazon rankings? Here are our five top tips for taking your Amazon game to the next level 1. Build a Writing Team No matter how good your product is, if your copy is weak you’re unlikely to show up on the first page of Amazon results. The words you use in the product title, description, and in backend search terms are critical to the sales performance of each listing. Let’s say you’re an affiliate selling regularly on AliExpress. You’ll need a continuous supply of product descriptions that are not only unique but also persuasive and SEO friendly. You could do this in-house, but it may not be the most efficient option. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the average cost of hiring an in-house writer is over $7,000 per month. One of the most effective ways to ensure you can create a steady stream of product descriptions is to have a team of copywriters on hand. Constant Content has spent years building its database of freelance writers, including Amazon product copywriters. You can hire according to your content requirements, so it’s a scalable, affordable solution. We can also help you assemble a writing team and manage your workflow. 2. Research Keywords To boost your Amazon rankings for specific terms and capture more potential buyers, you need to do competitive research and keyword research. With the right keywords, shoppers will find your products more quickly and see you before the competition. Amazon relies on various factors to determine when your listing appears. Like Google SEO, you have to optimize content with search terms that your target audience are using. What exactly are searchers looking for? Your brand name, a specific product, or product features? These are the words you need to include at the beginning of your product title, in the product details section, and in your list of backend search terms. We’ll look at how to find the best keywords later on in this post. 3. Optimize Product Images Many marketers overlook the persuasive power of images. Good-looking, high-quality images are key to boosting Amazon rankings because they have a significant impact on conversion rates. Studies have shown that images can be even more influential than reviews, so you need to get them right. In short, if a customer sees a poor product image, they’re likely to conclude that the product or company is also poor quality. Images should be at least 1000 pixels in either width or height. The product should fill 85 percent of the frame. Product photos should have a pure white background. File formats must be JPEG, PNG, GIF, or TIFF. Don’t include text, borders, or logos. Check Amazon guidelines for the most up-to-date information and requirements for additional product images. 4. Maximize Positive Reviews The quantity and quality of your reviews is one of the most important ranking factors in the A9 algorithm. In particular, positive reviews are extremely beneficial. Look at any top listing on a search results page and you’ll see that it has a high number of reviews and also good ratings. Best-sellers in each category also get top billing. Encouraging customers to leave positive reviews will lead to more click-throughs from other shoppers and higher rankings. The way you respond to reviews also matters. Obviously, receiving more positive reviews depends on the quality of your products and your customer service, but there are ways to maximize customer engagement and get better feedback. We’ll go into some simple strategies later on. 5. Ensure Your Amazon Listings Rank Higher on Google Getting good rankings on Amazon is crucial, but it shouldn’t be your only objective. Many Amazon sellers aren’t even thinking about their rankings on Google, which is a missed opportunity that you can use to your advantage. Increasing your Google rankings for your product listings should attract even more traffic to your product pages. By optimizing your listings for Amazon and Google, you’ll greatly increase your chances of being seen by potential customers. Google is, after all, the largest search engine in the world. Strategies to Increase Sales and Conversions on Amazon So how can you use these tips in practice? Let’s look at each one in more detail. Building a Writing Team We’ve already explained the two options you face: either use in-house writers to create a consistent flow of Amazon product descriptions or outsource this type of content to a writing agency. Obviously, you need to weigh up the pros and cons of each. For example, does your team have the time to create a regular stream of product descriptions, or should they focus on other content marketing strategies? In the long run, it’s actually cheaper to hire writers on a project-by-project basis. By using a content platform such as Constant Content, you’ll have no recruiting or administration costs, you won’t need to train staff in the art of writing product descriptions, and you can scale up or down depending on your requirements. To get started, simply head over to our content request page and send out a request for Amazon product descriptions, describing your company, products, and any other information you want to convey. You can send out a public request, put out a casting call for product descriptions, or contact specific writers directly with a private request. Finding the Right Keywords to Increase Amazon Rankings If you want to succeed on the Amazon platform, you need to use the right keywords in your title, product description, and the backend keywords section. You can start your search for relevant terms using Google’s Keyword Planner. While 47 percent of online shoppers begin product searches on Amazon, around 35 percent still start their search on Google. So it would be a mistake for any e-commerce business to only focus on optimizing keywords for the Amazon platform. Google’s Keyword Planner will help you identify critical keywords that searchers are also likely to use on Amazon. In the tools section, you’ll find the keyword planner. Simply input your search terms and you’ll receive stats on how frequently the search terms are used on a monthly basis and how competitive they are. The next place to research keywords for free is on Amazon itself. Type your keywords into the Amazon search bar and keyword suggestions will pop up. How to Optimize Your Amazon Product Images There are various tricks you can use to ensure your images improve conversions. On Amazon, you can upload up to nine product images. If possible, use them all. Here are some ways to make your images more attractive and engaging to drive sales: Show your product from different perspectives so consumers can see the whole product. Show how the product is used in real life so that consumers can imagine themselves using it. Focus on the key features of the product. Show the product in its natural surroundings. For example, a couch looks more attractive in a cozy living room environment. Show the product with actual people to bring it to life. Provide important information. For example, if the product is a multi-pack of four, insert a small icon that says â€Å"4-Pack.† For smaller items, show its dimensions or relative size. For example, show it next to a pencil. This can also highlight how compact or well-designed it is. How to Get More Positive Reviews Amazon knows that searchers are more likely to click on listings with good reviews, so it gives products with higher average reviews more prominence in search results. Therefore, to maximize sales, you need more positive reviews. Don’t buy reviews; this could lead to having your account suspended. Instead, develop a process that encourages positive feedback: Be honest about what you’re selling. Giving precise information about each product will minimize false expectations. Email your customers and ask them how their experience was with your product. If they’re happy, politely ask for a review. Reach out to your social media followers. Most followers will already be fans, so why not ask them for reviews? Listen to feedback. If you receive a negative review, can the problem be fixed? Consider offering the customer a refund or replacement. Customers can remove reviews for up to 60 days after posting, so you have time to remedy the situation. How to Improve Google Rankings for Your Amazon Listings One way to get Google to notice your product page is to include a link on your website. Use Google Analytics to identify high-performing pages on your site. Which pages receive the most traffic and have low bounce rates? If these pages are relevant to your product, insert a link to your Amazon product listing. This will increase the chances of your product listing appearing in Google results, especially if the website has a high domain authority. Finally, try to incorporate more long-tail keywords in your product copy. Amazon’s search engine may not pick up on them, but there’s a good chance that Google will. With voice search and natural language queries becoming more popular, it will increase your chances of ranking for niche keyword phrases related to your product. Google also ranks for buying intent, meaning that search results adapt to search queries that are transactional in nature. For example, when searchers use words such as â€Å"buy,† â€Å"product,† or â€Å"order,† e-commerce product pages are more likely to rank higher. So try to include keywords in your copy that indicate buying intent. In Summary There are so many topics to cover when it comes to selling on Amazon that we can’t cover it all in one post. However, by now you should have a basic understanding of how Amazon SEO works. The main takeaway is that if you want to increase sales on Amazon, every listing needs to be optimized for conversions with rich, informative copy, attractive images, and relevant terms that are used by your target audience. And when your sales increase, so will your rankings. Remember, these strategies work best when they’re working together, so use them simultaneously and you should be well on your way to extra traffic, higher conversion rates, and more Amazon sales.

Nuclear Arms in Russia essays

Nuclear Arms in Russia essays Nuclear non-proliferation, arms limitation, arms control, deterrence, international security, de-militarization ...civilian and government agencies alike have wrestled with how to define and resolve issues of possession and use of nuclear weapons. The issues involve power struggles over which nation can wield the biggest gun: who can have nuclear weapons; how many; how powerful; who decides; and how decisions can be enforced. The last few years have been a time of unprecedented success in arms control. Over this period, we have seen the cornerstone of our efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons - the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) being an example of this. A significant step towards reducing the armament of the Cold War was taken when START II was ratified by the US Senate. The signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) ended the era of nuclear explosive testing, a goal that had been sought for more than forty years and, most recently, President Clinton and President Yeltsin agreed on a framework for START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) III after START II enters into force. Despite this string of successes, the world remains a dangerous place. The spread of technology has made it possible for dozens of States, many of whom view the United States as an enemy, to seek nuclear, biological or chemical weapons capability. We the Russian Federation need assistance in arms reduction and we are confident of its future as have the backing of Mr. Blair, who has committed  £12 million over the next three years to assist us with the destruction of our chemical weapons stockpile. Mr. Blair also met with President Putin at the G8 summit in Okinawa, Japan, where they discussed a method of disposing of our stockpile of plutonium and 40, 000 chemical weapons. As well as success with Britain, president Putin is also making very good progress with the US. The 16th June meeting in Slovenia between US president George. W. B...

Working with people and organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working with people and organisations - Essay Example In order for GSCC to maintain contact with both the users and providers of social services, they usually have a code of conduct for the workers. This interface is very beneficial because social care workers, employers and users are able to know their rights in the use of the service. A worker usually gets a guide during his or her practice. Therefore, he or she knows what is expected of him or her. Secondly, an employer gets to know what he is supposed to do to ensure that the social care that his employees provide is of high quality. Thirdly, the code also helps the public to be aware of the expected of a behavior of a social worker. Moreover, the public also gets to know how an employer should support his employees in carrying out their jobs (code of practice for social care workers). (Williams, 2009, pg 13) In the event whereby a social worker realizes that a colleague or an employer is contravening the codes of practice, he should report the case to the relevant authorities. Curr ently, GSCC refers to the reporting process as whistle blowing. However, before this body was set up there was he Aspect, which performed a similar function. Unfortunately, Aspect did not have the capacity to protect people who reported such scenarios against victimization.

Deployment of windows 7 in an Enterprise Environment Term Paper - 1

Deployment of windows 7 in an Enterprise Environment - Term Paper Example In order to install windows 7 in a corporate network environment, custom image creation is required. Likewise, the image creation process incorporates seven key steps. However, custom image creation requires two workstations for a successful image creation process. Workstation 1 is named as ‘Technician workstation† and workstation 2 is named as â€Å"Reference workstation†. The technician workstation is utilized to implement tools and reference workstation assist to customize image (Building a standard image of windows 7: Systematic guide). Figure 1.1 illustrates columns for activities on each workstation (Building a standard image of windows 7: Step-by-step guide): The Windows Automated Installation kit provides the access of tools that are required to build custom image of Windows 7. Most importantly, it provides the access of an essential tool Image X, which will capture the image from the reference workstation along with the required files to build a startup disk for Windows. Moreover, the Windows automated installation kit can be downloaded from Microsoft download center. The extension of the image will be with the International Standard Organization i.e. ‘.iso’. The file named as ‘KB3AIK_EN.iso’ is associated with ‘.iso’ extension will be copied to a DVD or a virtual drive. However, no software is required for burning the file as Windows 7 has the capability to copy or burn ISO extension files to DVD’s (Building a standard image of windows 7: Step-by-step guide ). Bootable UFD can be utilized to boot the reference workstation in order to capture an image of the hard drive after the installation and customization of Windows 7. As windows pre installation environment does not possess Image X, a step is added to copy the file named as Image.exe from the folder of AIK installation to the source files of windows pre installation environment before creating ISO file of Windows pre installation environment (Building a

Chapter 6- selection employee Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 6- selection employee - Assignment Example Issuing application forms, this helps one to know the qualifications of the applicant using documentation, the put in information about their past and present job experiences, their personal information like age, addresses, likes, and marital status. The application forms can also be used as evidence incase documentation is needed. Most employers use application forms during interviews as basis questions such as the former employees and working experience. I would also recommend that the dean employ the use of interviews in the process of finding a good candidate for the post of Human Resource professor, this would be very effective if he followed the right procedure in the interview. Using the candidate’s application form during the interview would be very effective in clarification on some pieces of information that one may not get right. Interview is also effective in getting information about the applicant; this is the information that was not contained in the application form. There is also the possibility of using ability tests on the applicants, these kind of tests are use to determine the applicants abilities and skills in certain fields, this is very effective since it helps to know some added information about the applicant. This might some co-curricular skill that they may possess, these tests can be issued inform of pencil and paper tests or job tests, those that may include more of physical input. However, this depends on certain factors, for example, in the case of a human resource officer, and one applicant is elderly and obviously not as strong as their young and energetic counterpart, I would not advice the dean to employ the use of job tests that require so much physical input since it may favor one of the applicants. The pass mark in this type of job application can be lowered or heightened depending on the number of applicants and their scores. One should be very careful when giving out this kind of job application method; it is advis able that they have very clear skills of judgment, in the case of a HR professor; the applicant should have exemplary socialization skills, speech, listening, conflict resolution, and mediation. These would be an added advantage in the job. In this case, I would advise the dean to employ the use of pencil and paper test, or in the case of job tests, I would ask them to solve different types of disputes among the students and judge who is the most effective in it. For the post, I would recommend an applicant who is joyful and does not drug their personal problems to work since it may alter with their work, especially because it involves constant interaction with people. Temperamental people would not be recommended for this job. As much as the use of interview is recommended in job applications so that the employer should have good personal exchange with the candidate, it has its shortcomings, these shortcoming s mainly come with the interviewer. The interviews in most cases lack sub jects and structure, such shortcomings may bring about mistakes such as difference in the questions asked to the applicants which may then cause rate error, whereby it is hard to weigh the amount of marks one should offer on certain questions, and since the questions were different to every employer, it may cause biasness. It may also be different to come up with the most appropriate person for the job since most of the interviewers have different opinions about the performance of the candidate. Some people tend to like certain

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password Guessing Attacks

Automated Protocol to Restrict Password Guessing Attacks ABSTRACT Password login services are now widespread and ever increasing. Attacks that take place on password-only remote login services are brute force and dictionary attack. Providing convenient login for legitimate user.In the proposed system we use Password Guessing Resistant Protocol (PGRP) which improves more security by restricting the number of attempts. PGRP allows a high number of failed attempts from known machines. PGRP uses either cookies or IP addresses, or both for tracking legitimate users. Tracking users through their IP addresses also allows PGRP to increase the number of ATTs for password guessing attacks and meanwhile to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts. Key Words – Online password guessing attacks, brute force attacks, password dictionary, ATTs. 1. INTRODUCTION: Online password guessing attacks are the most commonly observed against web applications SSH logins. SANS report observed that password guessing attack is the top cyber security risk. SSH servers that doesn’t allow some standard password authentication suffer the guessing attacks. Online attacks have some disadvantages compared to offline attacks i.e., the attacking machines must use an effective interactive protocol which allows a easier detection of malicious attacks.Malicious attackers try only limited no. of password guesses from a single machine being that account is being locked or before being challenged to answer an ATT. An attacker will employ a large number of machines to avoid locking out. Generally users choose weak passwords. As malicious attackers control large bot nets online attacks became much easier.Restricting the no. of failed trails without ATT’s to a very small number is the effective defense system that can be used against automated online passw ord guessing attacks. Also limiting automated programs(or bots) used by attackers for password guesses for a targeted account, even many different machine from a bot net are used. This method inconveniences offers a legitimate user to answer an ATT on next login attempt after the malicious attackers guesses. Other techniques deployed in practice includes: Even though from a given machine when a certain number of failed attempts occur,it allows login attempts without ATTs from a different machine. After a certain time-out period, it allows more attempts without ATTs and also time-limited account lockinMany existing techniques proposals involve ATT’s, assuming that the challenges provided by the ATTs are difficult for botseasy for people(legitimate users). Users are increasing disliking ATTs and feels it as an unnecessary extra step. Successful attacks are being made which break ATTs without human solvers. ATTs that are to be more difficult.As a consequence, present-day ATTs are becoming more difficult for human users. Therefore, we focus more on reducing user inconvenience by challenging users with fewer ATTs and at the same time subjecting bot logins to more ATT’s, to drive up economic cost to attackers.Two well-known proposals using ATTs to limit online guessing attacks are Pinkas and Sander (PS protocol) and Van Oorsc hot and Stubblebine (VS protocol). The PS proposal reduces the ATTs. The VS proposal reduces this but a significant cost to usability.. The PGRP is being developed by using both PS VS proposals. On the other side, PGRP allows high number of failed attempts from known machines without answering any ATTs. Known machines are defined as those from which successful login has occurred over a fixed time period. These known machines are identified by their IP addresses which are saved on the login server as white list or else in the cookies stored on client. Both the white listed IP address and client cookie expire after a time-period. In both graphical user interface(e.g., browser-based logins) character-based interface(e.g.,SSH logins) PGRP can be accommodated). Both PS and VS proposals, requires the use of browser cookies. PGRP uses either cookies or IP address or both for tracking legitimate users. PGRP increases the number of ATTs for password guessing by tracking users through their IP address also to decrease the number of ATTs for legitimate login attempts.In recent years, the trend of logging in to online account through multiple personal devices (e.g., PC, laptop’s,smartphones ) is growing. When used from home environment, these devices often share a single IP address which makes IP-based history tracking more user friendly than cookies. 2. Related work: From the early days of the internet the online password guessing attacks have been known to everyone. Account locking is a mechanism which prevents a malicious attacker from multiple passwords particular username. Although account locking is temporary remedy, an attacker can mount a DOS (denial of service) in some amount of time for a particular username can be done by delaying server response after receiving user credentials, whether the password is correct or incorrect. However, for an attacker with access to a botnet, this above mechanism is ineffective. Prevention techniques that depend on requesting the user machine to perform extra computations before replying to the entered credentials are not effective with such adversaries. To prevent the automated programs (brute force dictionary attacks) ATT challenges are used in some protocols.PS presented a login protocol which challenges ATTs to protect against online password guessing attacks. PS protocol reduces the number of ATTs that authorized users must correctly answer, so that a user with a valid browser cookie will be rarely asked to answer an ATT. A deterministic function AskATT() of the entered user credentials is used to decide whether to ask the user an ATT or not. To improve the security features of the PS protocol, Van Oorschot stubblebine defined a modified protocol in which ATTs are always required, once the no. of failed login attempts for a particular username exceeds a threshold. For both PS and VS protocols, the function AskATT() requires a careful design, because the ‘known function attack’ of poor design of this function AskATT() makes the login protocol vulnerable to attacks and also ‘change password attack’. Because of these attacks, the authors proposed a secure non-deterministic keyed hash function as AskATT() so that each username is associated with one key that changes whenever the corresponding password is changed. This proposed function requires extra server-side storage per username atleast one cryptographic hash operation per login attempt. 2.2 Functions PGRP uses the following functions. They are 1.Read Credential. It shows a login prompt to the user and it returns the entered user name and password and also the cookie received from the user’s browser. 2. Login Correct If the provided user name-password is valid, the function return true otherwise it returns false. 3. Grant Access This function sends the cookies to the user’s browser and then gives the permission to access the specified user account. 4. Message It displays the text message. 5. ATT Challenge This function challenges the user with an ATT. If the answer is correct, it returns â€Å"pass† otherwise, it returns â€Å"fails† 7. Valid This function checks the validity of the cookie and it is considered invalid in the following cases: The cookie username doesn’t match with the login username. The expired time of the cookie. The cookie counter is equal to or greater than K1. This function returns true only when a valid cookie is received. 3. Cookies versus Source IP addresses PGRP keeps track of user machines from which successful logins have been initiated previously. If the login server offers a web-based interface, for this purpose choose a browser cookies as a good choice. The login server unable to identify the user in all cases, if the user uses multiple browser or more than one OS on the same machine. Cookies may also be deleted by users, or automatically enabled by the most modern browsers.Cookie theft(eg., through session hijacking)might enable an adversary to impersonate a user who has been successfully authenticated in the past. In addition cookies requires a browser interface.A user machine can be identified by the sourceIP address. To trace users depending on sourceIP address may result in inaccurate identification. This can be done because of various reasons including. 1) The same machine might be assigned different IP addresses. 2) A group of machines might be represented by a small number or a single internet-addressable IP address if NAT mechanism is in place.Drawbacks of identifying a user by means of either a browser cookie or a source IP address include: 3) Failing to identify a machine from which the user has authenticated successfully in the past. 4) Wrongly identifying a machine the user has not authenticated before. Case 1) Decreases usability since the user might be asked to answer an ATT challenge for both correct and incorrect login credentials. Case 2) Affects security since some users/attackers may not be asked to answer an ATT challenge even though they have not logged in successfully from those machines in the past.However, the probability of launching a dictionary or brute force attack from these machines appears to be low. Therefore, we choose to use both browser cookies and source IP address in PGRP to minimize user inconvenience during login process. 3.1. Decision function for requesting ATT’s: The decision to challenge the user with an ATT depends on two factors: 1) Whether the user has authenticated successfully from the machine previously. 2) The total number of failed login attempts for a specified useraccount Fig. 2.Secure but inconvenient login protocol 3.4.1Username-Password Pair Is Valid After entering a correct username-password pair. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge. 1. A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. 2. The user machine’s IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. 3.The number of failed login attempts from any ,machine for that username, FT[un], is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t2 3.4.2Username-Password Pair Is Invalid After entering a incorrect username-password pair. In the following cases the user will not be asked to answer an ATT challenge. A valid cookie is received from the user machine and the number of failed login attempts from the user machines IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. The user machine’s IP address is in the whitelist W and the number of failed login attempts from this IP address for that username, FS[srcIP,un], is less than k1 over a time period determined by t3. The username is valid and the number of failed login attempts for that username, FT[un], is below a threshold k2 over a time period determined by t2. 4 System Resources No list’s are maintained in the PS protocol because of this there is no extra memory overhead on the login server. In VS protocol only FT is maintained. In PGRP, three tables must be maintained. First, the white list, W is expected to grow linearly with the number of user’s. W contains a list of{source IP address, username}pairs that have been successfully authenticated in the last t1 units of time. Second, the number of entries in FT increase by one whenever a remote host makes a failed login attempt using a valid user name, if entry is added to FS only when a valid{user name, password} pair is provided from an IP address not used before for this user name. Therefore, the number of entries in FS is proportional to the number of IP addresses legitimate users successfully authenticated from. 4.1  Background On Previous ATT Based Protocols Pinkas and Sander introduced the topic based upon a strawman login protocol that requires answering an ATT challenge first before entering the {user name, password}pair. If the user falling to answer the ATT correctly prevents the user from proceeding further. This protocol requires the adversary to pass an ATT challenge for each password guessing attempt. Simple protocol is effective against online dictionary attacks assuming that the used ATT’s are secure, legitimate users must also pass an ATT challenge for every login attempt. Therefore, this protocol affects user convenience and requires the login server to generate an ATT challenge for every login attempt. Pinkas and Sander proposed a new protocol that reduces the number of ATT’s for legitimate user’s are required to pass. This protocol stores a browser cookie on the machine of users who had previously logged in successfully. Once the user requests the login server URL, the user’s browser sense the cookie back to the server. The protocol then requests the user to enter a {user name, password} pair. If the pair is correct and a valid cookie is received from the browser then the protocol gives permission to access the account. If the pair is correct but no valid cookie is received, then an ATT challenge must be answered before account access is granted. Otherwise, if the pair is incorrect then according to a function AskATT(), an ATT challenge might be required before informing the user that the pair is incorrect. With this protocol, legitimate user must passATT’s in the following cases:1) When the user logs in from a machine for the first time. 2) When the user’s pair is incorrect and AskATT() triggers an ATT. For each password guessing attempt an automated program needs to correctly answer ATT except in one case i.e.,when the {username, password} pair is incorrect and a function AskATT() didn’t request an ATT. Van oorschot and stubblebine proposed modifications to the previous protocol which stores failed login’s per username to impose ATT challenges after exceeding a configurable threshold of failures. Hence, for an incorrect {username, password}pair, the decision to request an ATT not only depends on the function AskATT() but also on the number of failed login attempts for the username.After entering correct credentials in the absence of a valid cookie, the user is asked whether the machine in use is trustworthy and if the user uses it regularly .The cookie is stored in the user’s machine only if the user responds yes to the question. This approach aims to reduce the possibility of cookie theft since a negative answer is expected if the user was from a public machin e .The user account is set be in non-owner mode for a specified time window when a login is successful without receiving a valid cookie from the user machine; otherwise the account is set to owner mode.

Military and Societal Values :: Military Philosophy Society Essays

Military and Societal Values Colonel Malham M. Wakin, in his evening address, asks whether Plato's claim that "knowledge is virtue" is true. Much contemporary experience suggests otherwise. To some extent, such an observation could apply to the military as well. Col Wakin argues that we do have some basic knowledge about human conduct, but that we live in a highly pluralistic society in which some practices reject that basic knowledge. Nonetheless, even though we draw members of the military from that pluralistic society, the uniqueness of the military function will always keep its leading practitioners apart from the mainstream of civilian society. The military profession swears to defend the values, the lifestyle that incorporates the minimal conditions for human dignity. After examining the convergence of the values that are functionally necessary for the military and those that we know are fundamental to social existence, he concludes that a competent military profession can serve as a moral anchor for its p arent society. I Many years ago when I learned I was going to have the opportunity to study philosophy at the graduate level, I was tremendously excited. What a wonderful opportunity this would be, I thought, to sit at the feet of Socrates and be enlightened by those who studied the crucial problems of human existence. I expected that senior philosophy professors would be marvelous role models in their personal lives and I looked forward with great anticipation to associating with those who had solved the problems of the universe. Indeed, these senior professors seemed very wise. They were dazzling in their abilities to rattle off the names and theories of great thinkers from every era. They knew the views of those whose names I couldn't even pronounce and I said to myself: "I'll never be able to grasp all of these ideas nor remember them well enough to teach them to others." But as time went on, I was slightly devastated to observe that these senior professors were not, as a group, the congenial masters of everyday living I expected them to be. They were not all basically kind persons--not even to each other. In fact, some would occasionally cross the street to avoid meeting and speaking with a colleague. And some had difficulties in their most important personal relationships--divorce, legal squabbles, envy, character assassination, narcissism--hardly what I had hoped for in the most knowledgeable, most studious persons in our society.